Study.comLog InCopyrightSocial Science Courses / Course / ChapterForensic Science: Types & EtymologyLessonTranscriptNicholas Amendolare, Dan GrossiWhat is Forensic Science? Understand the forensic science definition. Learn about the etymology and types of forensic science along with its applications. Updated: 10/20/2021Table of ContentsWhat is Forensic Science?Development and Organization of Forensic ScienceTypes of Forensic ScienceApplications of Forensic ScienceLesson SummaryShowWhat is Forensic Science?Forensic science can be defined as the application of scientific methods to criminal cases. In particular, forensic science deals with the analysis of evidence in criminal cases. This might include something as simple as matching fingerprints found on a gun to a particular suspect’s, or something as advanced as analyzing microscopic marks on a bullet to determine whether a particular bullet was fired from a particular gun. In all cases, the goal of forensic science is not to prove guilt or innocence, but rather to collect, examine, and analyze evidence that might help uncover the truth.Origin of Forensic ScienceThe term forensic actually comes from the Latin word forensis, which means “forum” and refers to a public, open court. In other words, forensic science means science that is intended to be used in court. And although the term “forensic science” is fairly new, records of science being used to solve crimes date back to antiquity. The first-ever autopsy may have been Antistius observing the body of a slain politician named Julius Caesar. By 1773, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele developed a chemical test to detect arsenic (evidence of poisoning) in corpses. In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton pioneered the science of fingerprint matching. And in 1986, DNA was used for the first time to exonerate a suspect in a murder case.What Is Forensic Science?While investigating a homicide, Mike carefully dusts a window for fingerprints. As the black powder is spread across the glass, a faint fingerprint begins to appear. Mike carefully lifts the print and takes it back to the lab. When the fingerprint is entered into the computer, a possible match is identified, and the suspect is picked up for questioning. When the suspect is asked how his fingerprints could have ended up at the crime scene, he confesses to the murder. This is an example of using forensic science to solve a crime.The simplest definition of forensic science is any science used within the criminal justice system. While this definition may be simple, the field of forensic science is anything but simple. Crime scene investigators and lab technicians use specialized skills and tools to collect, analyze, and present evidence in order to solve a crime or successfully convict the offender. The increased use of scientific methods to collect and examine evidence has led to the closure of many criminal cases that could not be solved through old-fashioned detective work alone. New testing methods are even being applied to cold cases, or cases from many years ago that remain unsolved.Forensic science can be used to:Prove elements of a crimeVerify or discredit victim or suspect statementsIdentify decedents or suspectsEstablish a connection to a crime or crime sceneVideoQuizCourse55K viewsDevelopment and Organization of Forensic ScienceThe development of forensic science goes back centuries, and possibly millennia. The first records are of specific, isolated cases. The examination of Julius Caesar’s body was one, but there was also the use of fingerprints to catch a debtor in 7th-century China, and many other examples. In 1284, a writer named Xi Yuan Lu published a book called “Washing Away of Wrongs” that described methods for everything from calculating time of death to distinguishing between drowning and strangulation. But the development of forensic science as a true field of study did not emerge until the 16th century. Today, forensic science is organized into several sub-fields, as discussed below.Types of Forensic ScienceAlthough there is no official list, forensic science is often divided into the fields of forensic anthropology, criminalistics, and forensic engineering. Descriptions and examples of each are discussed below.Forensic anthropologyForensic anthropologists gather and analyze evidence with the goal of understanding as much as possible about a person’s life and death. This often involves examining skeletal remains to determine the causes of death, estimating time of death, or identifying unknown persons. Unlike forensic criminologists who seek to determine many of the same things in modern criminal cases, forensic anthropologists are more akin to archaeologists. Some of their studies involve bodies at dig sites that go back hundreds or thousands of years, and you’re more likely to find their office in a museum than at the local police headquarters.CriminalisticsForensic criminalistics is perhaps the most famous branch of forensics science. These are the scientists who one might see on TV shows, or on the news, or testifying in court. These professionals work in forensics labs across the world analyzing evidence collected by local law enforcement agencies. Their specialties include ballistics and firearms, DNA evidence, fire and explosives, controlled substances, and many other areas. One famous example of forensic criminalistics in action was the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Remnants of an improvised explosive device were collected and analyzed, and the ingredients used were traced back to a local New Hampshire fireworks store. Investigators from the FBI and other agencies eventually traced the evidence back to two brothers, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev.DNA electrophoresis is one technique used by forensic criminologists.DNA ElectrophoresisHistory of Forensic ScienceMedical exams to determine cause of death have been used for centuries, but the use of science to investigate crimes and identify criminals began in the mid to late 1800s. The first attempt to document the identity of offenders was called anthropometry, which consisted of measuring and documenting the offender’s body. By keeping these records, repeat offenders could be identified, even if they gave a false name. It was soon discovered that due to similar characteristics and measurement errors, this method was not as reliable as was hoped. This method was replaced by dactylography, or the use of fingerprints for identification. Because everyone has different fingerprints, this method has been extremely successful and is still in use today.The next major advancement in forensic science did not occur until the 1980s when scientists were able to decode human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This allowed for the identification of a suspect through hair, skin cells, saliva, blood, and semen. DNA has become a reliable way to connect a suspect with a crime scene and to identify human remains. As this science progresses, new collection and testing methods have allowed investigators to get useful DNA samples from very small or degraded specimens.Forensic science is not only used to identify people but also to locate or recreate a crime scene. Chemicals such as luminol and Hemident have been developed to identify blood in a crime scene, even if it has been cleaned.Once the blood is located, blood spatter analysis can be conducted to recreate the scene. Based on the size and shape of a drop of blood, investigators can determine which direction the droplets were traveling or how far the drops fell before hitting the floor. Information from several drops of blood can be used to locate where the victim or suspect was standing when the blood hit the floor.To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.Create your accountVideo TranscriptWhat Is Forensic Science?While investigating a homicide, Mike carefully dusts a window for fingerprints. As the black powder is spread across the glass, a faint fingerprint begins to appear. Mike carefully lifts the print and takes it back to the lab. When the fingerprint is entered into the computer, a possible match is identified, and the suspect is picked up for questioning. When the suspect is asked how his fingerprints could have ended up at the crime scene, he confesses to the murder. This is an example of using forensic science to solve a crime.The simplest definition of forensic science is any science used within the criminal justice system. While this definition may be simple, the field of forensic science is anything but simple. Crime scene investigators and lab technicians use specialized skills and tools to collect, analyze, and present evidence in order to solve a crime or successfully convict the offender. The increased use of scientific methods to collect and examine evidence has led to the closure of many criminal cases that could not be solved through old-fashioned detective work alone. New testing methods are even being applied to cold cases, or cases from many years ago that remain unsolved.Forensic science can be used to:Prove elements of a crimeVerify or discredit victim or suspect statementsIdentify decedents or suspectsEstablish a connection to a crime or crime sceneHistory of Forensic ScienceMedical exams to determine cause of death have been used for centuries, but the use of science to investigate crimes and identify criminals began in the mid to late 1800s. The first attempt to document the identity of offenders was called anthropometry, which consisted of measuring and documenting the offender’s body. By keeping these records, repeat offenders could be identified, even if they gave a false name. It was soon discovered that due to similar characteristics and measurement errors, this method was not as reliable as was hoped. This method was replaced by dactylography, or the use of fingerprints for identification. Because everyone has different fingerprints, this method has been extremely successful and is still in use today.The next major advancement in forensic science did not occur until the 1980s when scientists were able to decode human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This allowed for the identification of a suspect through hair, skin cells, saliva, blood, and semen. DNA has become a reliable way to connect a suspect with a crime scene and to identify human remains. As this science progresses, new collection and testing methods have allowed investigators to get useful DNA samples from very small or degraded specimens.Forensic science is not only used to identify people but also to locate or recreate a crime scene. Chemicals such as luminol and Hemident have been developed to identify blood in a crime scene, even if it has been cleaned.Once the blood is located, blood spatter analysis can be conducted to recreate the scene. Based on the size and shape of a drop of blood, investigators can determine which direction the droplets were traveling or how far the drops fell before hitting the floor. Information from several drops of blood can be used to locate where the victim or suspect was standing when the blood hit the floor.To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.Create your accountFrequently Asked QuestionsWhat exactly is forensic science?Forensic science can be defined as the application of scientific methods to criminal cases. In particular, forensic science deals with the analysis of evidence criminal cases.What is the role of a forensic scientist?The goal of a forensic scientist is not to prove guilt or innocence. Rather, their goal is to collect, examine, and analyze evidence that might help uncover the truth about a crime.What is a basic definition of forensics?The term ‘forensic’ actually comes from the Latin word ‘forensis,’ which means ‘forum’ and refers to a public, open court. In other words, forensic science means science that is intended to be used in court.What are forensic science examples?Forensic science can include something as simple as matching fingerprints, or something as advanced as analyzing microscopic marks on a bullet.Register to view this lessonAre you a student or a teacher?What is Forensic Science? | Forensic Science Types & EtymologyIntro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review14 chapters | 551 lessonsCh 1. Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and ReviewCriminology: Overview & History of the Field 8:20Crime: Definition & Types 7:47General Categories of Crime 5:34Crime: Legal Characteristics & General Features 8:19History & Trends of Crime in the United States 10:25Crime Measurement Programs: History & Nature 8:22How Demographics Contribute to Crime 6:02The Relationship Between Crime & Punishment 6:06Cesare Beccaria’s ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ and the Rise of Utilitarianism 6:25The Elements of a Crime: Definition & Overview 5:09Corporal Punishment: History & EffectsIndecent Exposure: Laws & Definition 4:25Ad Hoc Balancing Theory: Definition & ExamplesWrit of Mandamus: Definition & Example 4:16Writs of Assistance: Definition & SummaryWhat Is Due Process in Crime Control? – Definition & Guarantees 5:47Pluralistic Society: Definition & Examples 4:17English Common Law System: Definition & HistoryWhat is a Civil Court? – Definition & Characteristics 5:00Algor Mortis: Definition & Causes 3:34Livor Mortis: Definition & Significance 4:45What is Social Welfare? – Definition & Services 6:16Xenophobia: Definition & Examples 5:03Misogyny: Definition & Examples 4:29What is Civil Unrest? – Definition & Preparedness 5:46Actual Malice: Definition & TestActus Reus: Definition & Examples 3:15Anomie: Definition, Theory & Examples 3:57Cesare Lombroso: Biography, Theory & Criminology 3:22Jeremy Bentham: Biography, Theory & EthicsNatural Law Theory: Definition, Ethics & Examples 6:12Schedule of Drugs: Classification & ExamplesWhat Is Culture Conflict? – Definition, Theory & Example 3:30What is Forensic Science? – Definition, History & Types 6:05Next LessonWhat are Zero Tolerance Laws & Policies? – DefinitionGo to Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and ReviewCh 2. Theories of Crime: Help and…Ch 3. Types of Crime: Help and ReviewCh 4. The Criminal Justice Field: Help and…Ch 5. Criminal Justice Agencies in the U.S.:…Ch 6. Law Enforcement in the U.S.: Help and…Ch 7. The Role of the Police Department: Help…Ch 8. The U.S. Court System: Help and…Ch 9. Constitutional Law in the U.S.: Help…Ch 10. Criminal Law in the U.S.: Help and…Ch 11. The Criminal Trial in the U.S. Justice…Ch 12. The Sentencing Process in Criminal…Ch 13. Corrections & Correctional…Ch 14. The Juvenile Justice System: Help and…What is Forensic Science? | Forensic Science Types & EtymologyRelated Study MaterialsCreate an account to start this course todayUsed by over 30 million students worldwideLike this lesson Share×Study.com iconStudy.comStudy.comFREE – on Google PlayInstallDownload the appGet it on Google Play Get it on the App StorePlansStudent SolutionsTeacher SolutionsStudy.com for SchoolsWorking Scholars® SolutionsOnline tutoringAbout UsBlogCareersTeach For UsPress CenterAmbassadorScholarshipsSupportFAQSite Feedback© copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.Terms of Use Privacy Policy DMCA Notice ADA Compliance Honor Code For StudentsStudy.comLog InCopyrightSocial Science Courses / Course / ChapterForensic Science: Types & EtymologyLessonTranscriptNicholas Amendolare, Dan GrossiWhat is Forensic Science? Understand the forensic science definition. Learn about the etymology and types of forensic science along with its applications. Updated: 10/20/2021Table of ContentsWhat is Forensic Science?Development and Organization of Forensic ScienceTypes of Forensic ScienceApplications of Forensic ScienceLesson SummaryShowWhat is Forensic Science?Forensic science can be defined as the application of scientific methods to criminal cases. In particular, forensic science deals with the analysis of evidence in criminal cases. This might include something as simple as matching fingerprints found on a gun to a particular suspect’s, or something as advanced as analyzing microscopic marks on a bullet to determine whether a particular bullet was fired from a particular gun. In all cases, the goal of forensic science is not to prove guilt or innocence, but rather to collect, examine, and analyze evidence that might help uncover the truth.Origin of Forensic ScienceThe term forensic actually comes from the Latin word forensis, which means “forum” and refers to a public, open court. In other words, forensic science means science that is intended to be used in court. And although the term “forensic science” is fairly new, records of science being used to solve crimes date back to antiquity. The first-ever autopsy may have been Antistius observing the body of a slain politician named Julius Caesar. By 1773, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele developed a chemical test to detect arsenic (evidence of poisoning) in corpses. In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton pioneered the science of fingerprint matching. And in 1986, DNA was used for the first time to exonerate a suspect in a murder case.What Is Forensic Science?While investigating a homicide, Mike carefully dusts a window for fingerprints. As the black powder is spread across the glass, a faint fingerprint begins to appear. Mike carefully lifts the print and takes it back to the lab. When the fingerprint is entered into the computer, a possible match is identified, and the suspect is picked up for questioning. When the suspect is asked how his fingerprints could have ended up at the crime scene, he confesses to the murder. This is an example of using forensic science to solve a crime.The simplest definition of forensic science is any science used within the criminal justice system. While this definition may be simple, the field of forensic science is anything but simple. Crime scene investigators and lab technicians use specialized skills and tools to collect, analyze, and present evidence in order to solve a crime or successfully convict the offender. The increased use of scientific methods to collect and examine evidence has led to the closure of many criminal cases that could not be solved through old-fashioned detective work alone. New testing methods are even being applied to cold cases, or cases from many years ago that remain unsolved.Forensic science can be used to:Prove elements of a crimeVerify or discredit victim or suspect statementsIdentify decedents or suspectsEstablish a connection to a crime or crime sceneVideoQuizCourse55K viewsDevelopment and Organization of Forensic ScienceThe development of forensic science goes back centuries, and possibly millennia. The first records are of specific, isolated cases. The examination of Julius Caesar’s body was one, but there was also the use of fingerprints to catch a debtor in 7th-century China, and many other examples. In 1284, a writer named Xi Yuan Lu published a book called “Washing Away of Wrongs” that described methods for everything from calculating time of death to distinguishing between drowning and strangulation. But the development of forensic science as a true field of study did not emerge until the 16th century. Today, forensic science is organized into several sub-fields, as discussed below.Types of Forensic ScienceAlthough there is no official list, forensic science is often divided into the fields of forensic anthropology, criminalistics, and forensic engineering. Descriptions and examples of each are discussed below.Forensic anthropologyForensic anthropologists gather and analyze evidence with the goal of understanding as much as possible about a person’s life and death. This often involves examining skeletal remains to determine the causes of death, estimating time of death, or identifying unknown persons. Unlike forensic criminologists who seek to determine many of the same things in modern criminal cases, forensic anthropologists are more akin to archaeologists. Some of their studies involve bodies at dig sites that go back hundreds or thousands of years, and you’re more likely to find their office in a museum than at the local police headquarters.CriminalisticsForensic criminalistics is perhaps the most famous branch of forensics science. These are the scientists who one might see on TV shows, or on the news, or testifying in court. These professionals work in forensics labs across the world analyzing evidence collected by local law enforcement agencies. Their specialties include ballistics and firearms, DNA evidence, fire and explosives, controlled substances, and many other areas. One famous example of forensic criminalistics in action was the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Remnants of an improvised explosive device were collected and analyzed, and the ingredients used were traced back to a local New Hampshire fireworks store. Investigators from the FBI and other agencies eventually traced the evidence back to two brothers, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev.DNA electrophoresis is one technique used by forensic criminologists.DNA ElectrophoresisHistory of Forensic ScienceMedical exams to determine cause of death have been used for centuries, but the use of science to investigate crimes and identify criminals began in the mid to late 1800s. The first attempt to document the identity of offenders was called anthropometry, which consisted of measuring and documenting the offender’s body. By keeping these records, repeat offenders could be identified, even if they gave a false name. It was soon discovered that due to similar characteristics and measurement errors, this method was not as reliable as was hoped. This method was replaced by dactylography, or the use of fingerprints for identification. Because everyone has different fingerprints, this method has been extremely successful and is still in use today.The next major advancement in forensic science did not occur until the 1980s when scientists were able to decode human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This allowed for the identification of a suspect through hair, skin cells, saliva, blood, and semen. DNA has become a reliable way to connect a suspect with a crime scene and to identify human remains. As this science progresses, new collection and testing methods have allowed investigators to get useful DNA samples from very small or degraded specimens.Forensic science is not only used to identify people but also to locate or recreate a crime scene. Chemicals such as luminol and Hemident have been developed to identify blood in a crime scene, even if it has been cleaned.Once the blood is located, blood spatter analysis can be conducted to recreate the scene. Based on the size and shape of a drop of blood, investigators can determine which direction the droplets were traveling or how far the drops fell before hitting the floor. Information from several drops of blood can be used to locate where the victim or suspect was standing when the blood hit the floor.To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.Create your accountVideo TranscriptWhat Is Forensic Science?While investigating a homicide, Mike carefully dusts a window for fingerprints. As the black powder is spread across the glass, a faint fingerprint begins to appear. Mike carefully lifts the print and takes it back to the lab. When the fingerprint is entered into the computer, a possible match is identified, and the suspect is picked up for questioning. When the suspect is asked how his fingerprints could have ended up at the crime scene, he confesses to the murder. This is an example of using forensic science to solve a crime.The simplest definition of forensic science is any science used within the criminal justice system. While this definition may be simple, the field of forensic science is anything but simple. Crime scene investigators and lab technicians use specialized skills and tools to collect, analyze, and present evidence in order to solve a crime or successfully convict the offender. The increased use of scientific methods to collect and examine evidence has led to the closure of many criminal cases that could not be solved through old-fashioned detective work alone. New testing methods are even being applied to cold cases, or cases from many years ago that remain unsolved.Forensic science can be used to:Prove elements of a crimeVerify or discredit victim or suspect statementsIdentify decedents or suspectsEstablish a connection to a crime or crime sceneHistory of Forensic ScienceMedical exams to determine cause of death have been used for centuries, but the use of science to investigate crimes and identify criminals began in the mid to late 1800s. The first attempt to document the identity of offenders was called anthropometry, which consisted of measuring and documenting the offender’s body. By keeping these records, repeat offenders could be identified, even if they gave a false name. It was soon discovered that due to similar characteristics and measurement errors, this method was not as reliable as was hoped. This method was replaced by dactylography, or the use of fingerprints for identification. Because everyone has different fingerprints, this method has been extremely successful and is still in use today.The next major advancement in forensic science did not occur until the 1980s when scientists were able to decode human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This allowed for the identification of a suspect through hair, skin cells, saliva, blood, and semen. DNA has become a reliable way to connect a suspect with a crime scene and to identify human remains. As this science progresses, new collection and testing methods have allowed investigators to get useful DNA samples from very small or degraded specimens.Forensic science is not only used to identify people but also to locate or recreate a crime scene. Chemicals such as luminol and Hemident have been developed to identify blood in a crime scene, even if it has been cleaned.Once the blood is located, blood spatter analysis can be conducted to recreate the scene. Based on the size and shape of a drop of blood, investigators can determine which direction the droplets were traveling or how far the drops fell before hitting the floor. Information from several drops of blood can be used to locate where the victim or suspect was standing when the blood hit the floor.To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.Create your accountFrequently Asked QuestionsWhat exactly is forensic science?Forensic science can be defined as the application of scientific methods to criminal cases. In particular, forensic science deals with the analysis of evidence criminal cases.What is the role of a forensic scientist?The goal of a forensic scientist is not to prove guilt or innocence. Rather, their goal is to collect, examine, and analyze evidence that might help uncover the truth about a crime.What is a basic definition of forensics?The term ‘forensic’ actually comes from the Latin word ‘forensis,’ which means ‘forum’ and refers to a public, open court. In other words, forensic science means science that is intended to be used in court.What are forensic science examples?Forensic science can include something as simple as matching fingerprints, or something as advanced as analyzing microscopic marks on a bullet.Register to view this lessonAre you a student or a teacher?What is Forensic Science? | Forensic Science Types & EtymologyIntro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review14 chapters | 551 lessonsCh 1. Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and ReviewCriminology: Overview & History of the Field 8:20Crime: Definition & Types 7:47General Categories of Crime 5:34Crime: Legal Characteristics & General Features 8:19History & Trends of Crime in the United States 10:25Crime Measurement Programs: History & Nature 8:22How Demographics Contribute to Crime 6:02The Relationship Between Crime & Punishment 6:06Cesare Beccaria’s ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ and the Rise of Utilitarianism 6:25The Elements of a Crime: Definition & Overview 5:09Corporal Punishment: History & EffectsIndecent Exposure: Laws & Definition 4:25Ad Hoc Balancing Theory: Definition & ExamplesWrit of Mandamus: Definition & Example 4:16Writs of Assistance: Definition & SummaryWhat Is Due Process in Crime Control? – Definition & Guarantees 5:47Pluralistic Society: Definition & Examples 4:17English Common Law System: Definition & HistoryWhat is a Civil Court? – Definition & Characteristics 5:00Algor Mortis: Definition & Causes 3:34Livor Mortis: Definition & Significance 4:45What is Social Welfare? – Definition & Services 6:16Xenophobia: Definition & Examples 5:03Misogyny: Definition & Examples 4:29What is Civil Unrest? – Definition & Preparedness 5:46Actual Malice: Definition & TestActus Reus: Definition & Examples 3:15Anomie: Definition, Theory & Examples 3:57Cesare Lombroso: Biography, Theory & Criminology 3:22Jeremy Bentham: Biography, Theory & EthicsNatural Law Theory: Definition, Ethics & Examples 6:12Schedule of Drugs: Classification & ExamplesWhat Is Culture Conflict? – Definition, Theory & Example 3:30What is Forensic Science? – Definition, History & Types 6:05Next LessonWhat are Zero Tolerance Laws & Policies? – DefinitionGo to Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and ReviewCh 2. Theories of Crime: Help and…Ch 3. Types of Crime: Help and ReviewCh 4. The Criminal Justice Field: Help and…Ch 5. Criminal Justice Agencies in the U.S.:…Ch 6. Law Enforcement in the U.S.: Help and…Ch 7. The Role of the Police Department: Help…Ch 8. The U.S. Court System: Help and…Ch 9. Constitutional Law in the U.S.: Help…Ch 10. Criminal Law in the U.S.: Help and…Ch 11. The Criminal Trial in the U.S. Justice…Ch 12. The Sentencing Process in Criminal…Ch 13. Corrections & Correctional…Ch 14. The Juvenile Justice System: Help and…What is Forensic Science? | Forensic Science Types & EtymologyRelated Study MaterialsCreate an account to start this course todayUsed by over 30 million students worldwideLike this lesson Share×Study.com iconStudy.comStudy.comFREE – on Google PlayInstallDownload the appGet it on Google Play Get it on the App StorePlansStudent SolutionsTeacher SolutionsStudy.com for SchoolsWorking Scholars® SolutionsOnline tutoringAbout UsBlogCareersTeach For UsPress CenterAmbassadorScholarshipsSupportFAQSite Feedback© copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.Terms of Use Privacy Policy DMCA Notice ADA Compliance Honor Code For Students